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Environment Laws For Power Sector Presentation Transcript
1.Environment Laws With a Special reference to Power Sector
2.Electricity is a clean form of energy only at consumption stage
Process of generating electricity involves considerableDisplacement of peopleHealth Hazards
loss of forests Destruction of wildlife &
Considerable damage to environment.
So regulation is required to ensure that environmental concerns are taken care of for the power sector in particular and for other economic activities in general
Process of generating electricity involves considerableDisplacement of peopleHealth Hazards
loss of forests Destruction of wildlife &
Considerable damage to environment.
So regulation is required to ensure that environmental concerns are taken care of for the power sector in particular and for other economic activities in general
3.Legal aspect of Environment
Environment is in concurrent list in 7 schedule of the constitution.
Both central & the state government can legislate on subject matter of environment.
Supreme court of India through a judicial pronouncement recognized Right to Environment protection & clean environment as a Fundamental right under article 21 of the constitution.
SC has stated that “Right to a clean environment is one of the fundamental right under Right to life.”
Environment is in concurrent list in 7 schedule of the constitution.
Both central & the state government can legislate on subject matter of environment.
Supreme court of India through a judicial pronouncement recognized Right to Environment protection & clean environment as a Fundamental right under article 21 of the constitution.
SC has stated that “Right to a clean environment is one of the fundamental right under Right to life.”
4.Part 5 ,Directive principles of state policy : ‘The state shall endeavor to protect & improve the environment& safeguard the forest & wildlife of the country”(Article 48-A).
It is the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect & improve the natural environment including forests,lakes,rivers & wildlife & to have compassion for living creatures.Article 51-A,Part 4-A,42 CA(1976) .
5.Environmental Legislation in General & legislation concerning power sector
General:
Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 & Environmental (Protection) rules 1986.
Notifications issued under this act
-Coal Regulation Zone Notification (1991)
-Dhanu Taluka Notification(1991)
-Doon Valley Notification(1989)
-Revdanda Creek Notification(1989)
-Disposal of flyash Notification(1999)
6. -Taj Trapezium Notification(1998)
-Ash Content Notification(1997)
-The Environment Impact Assessment of Development projects notification (1994) as amended in 1997.
Water
-Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act ,1974 & Rules 1975.
-Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act,1977 & Rules 1978.
It is the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect & improve the natural environment including forests,lakes,rivers & wildlife & to have compassion for living creatures.Article 51-A,Part 4-A,42 CA(1976) .
5.Environmental Legislation in General & legislation concerning power sector
General:
Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 & Environmental (Protection) rules 1986.
Notifications issued under this act
-Coal Regulation Zone Notification (1991)
-Dhanu Taluka Notification(1991)
-Doon Valley Notification(1989)
-Revdanda Creek Notification(1989)
-Disposal of flyash Notification(1999)
6. -Taj Trapezium Notification(1998)
-Ash Content Notification(1997)
-The Environment Impact Assessment of Development projects notification (1994) as amended in 1997.
Water
-Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act ,1974 & Rules 1975.
-Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act,1977 & Rules 1978.
7.Air
-Air (Prevention & control of Pollution) Act,1981,Rules 1982 & Amendment 1987.
Forests & Wildlife
-Forests ( Conservation) Act,1980 & Rules 1981.
-Wildlife (Protection) Act ,1972,Rules,1973.
Other Legislation
8.-National Environment Appellate Authority Act,1997
-Public Liability Insurance Act,1991
-Factories Act1948,Amendment,1987
-National Environment Tribunal Act ,1995
1. Factories Act,1948:
India's First post independence law that shows explicit concern for environment.
Contains a comprehensive list of 29 Categories of industries involving use of hazardous processes & chemicals.
9.Hazardous substance& process is one which can impairment to health of a person engaged & result in the pollution of the general environment.
Factories act after amendment in 1987 & Industries development regulation act)1957 between them encompasses almost all of the the industrial processes.
2.Water (Prevention & Control of pollution) Act 1974 & Rules1975.
This act was India's first attempt to deal with an environment issue in a comprehensive manner.
10.Water act provides for regulating water pollution through command & control
Effluent discharge standards are established & persons whose discharge exceed the standards are subject to fine & imprisonment( RS 5000 fine or 3 months imprisonment or both).
CPCB & SPCB were established in 1974 under water act.
They were supposed to implement water act in centre and states respectively.
-Air (Prevention & control of Pollution) Act,1981,Rules 1982 & Amendment 1987.
Forests & Wildlife
-Forests ( Conservation) Act,1980 & Rules 1981.
-Wildlife (Protection) Act ,1972,Rules,1973.
Other Legislation
8.-National Environment Appellate Authority Act,1997
-Public Liability Insurance Act,1991
-Factories Act1948,Amendment,1987
-National Environment Tribunal Act ,1995
1. Factories Act,1948:
India's First post independence law that shows explicit concern for environment.
Contains a comprehensive list of 29 Categories of industries involving use of hazardous processes & chemicals.
9.Hazardous substance& process is one which can impairment to health of a person engaged & result in the pollution of the general environment.
Factories act after amendment in 1987 & Industries development regulation act)1957 between them encompasses almost all of the the industrial processes.
2.Water (Prevention & Control of pollution) Act 1974 & Rules1975.
This act was India's first attempt to deal with an environment issue in a comprehensive manner.
10.Water act provides for regulating water pollution through command & control
Effluent discharge standards are established & persons whose discharge exceed the standards are subject to fine & imprisonment( RS 5000 fine or 3 months imprisonment or both).
CPCB & SPCB were established in 1974 under water act.
They were supposed to implement water act in centre and states respectively.
11.Later in 1981,when the air act came into force,the powers of CPCB & SPCB were expanded to include enforcement of AIR ACT as well.
Central pollution control board (CPCB):
It has the following Functions
Promotion of clean rivers,streams,wells & other water bodies .
Laying down standards for water & air quality
Ensuring compliance with environment protection acts.
Planning & execution of programs for prevention & control of air/water pollution.
Central pollution control board (CPCB):
It has the following Functions
Promotion of clean rivers,streams,wells & other water bodies .
Laying down standards for water & air quality
Ensuring compliance with environment protection acts.
Planning & execution of programs for prevention & control of air/water pollution.
12.State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB):
They have functions similar to CPCB but their functional jurisdiction lies with in their respective states.
3.Water(Prevention & control of pollution) Cess act 1977:
Provides for a levy & collection of cess on water consumed by schedule 1 industries.
It aims to augment the resources of CPCB & SPCB for pollution abatement measures.
They have functions similar to CPCB but their functional jurisdiction lies with in their respective states.
3.Water(Prevention & control of pollution) Cess act 1977:
Provides for a levy & collection of cess on water consumed by schedule 1 industries.
It aims to augment the resources of CPCB & SPCB for pollution abatement measures.
13.Critical appraisal of the Water Act:
Water is a subject in state list.The act came into force in 1974.
It was amended in 1974 in 1988 & was brought in tune with Envn. Protection Act 1986.
There is a conflict between the two acts when they both come into play together.
Section 49 of the act, public can approach court on violation of this act.
State Pollution control boards have to make available reports to complaining citizen.
But Under a special discretionary power clause ,SPCBs can refuse to do so ,if it thinks disclosures would harm “Public Interest.”
Water is a subject in state list.The act came into force in 1974.
It was amended in 1974 in 1988 & was brought in tune with Envn. Protection Act 1986.
There is a conflict between the two acts when they both come into play together.
Section 49 of the act, public can approach court on violation of this act.
State Pollution control boards have to make available reports to complaining citizen.
But Under a special discretionary power clause ,SPCBs can refuse to do so ,if it thinks disclosures would harm “Public Interest.”
14.4. Air pollution ( Prevention & Control of pollution Act 1981)
Enacted under article 253 of the constitution which gives power to the central government to make laws to implement decision of international conferences.
The act is enforced by CPCB & SPCB.
Although a central act ,executive functions are carried out in states by the respective SPCBs
Enacted under article 253 of the constitution which gives power to the central government to make laws to implement decision of international conferences.
The act is enforced by CPCB & SPCB.
Although a central act ,executive functions are carried out in states by the respective SPCBs
15.Under this act pollution is sought to be combated by setting of air quality standards by CPCB & SPCB.
Prohibiting use of pollution causing fuel
Prohibiting use of appliances that lead to air pollution.
Banning use of pollution causing fuel.
Declaration of certain areas as pollution free zones.
SPCB can restrict the operation of certain industrial plants & can issue consent orders on certain prescribed plants(Necessary for abatement of pollution)
Prohibiting use of pollution causing fuel
Prohibiting use of appliances that lead to air pollution.
Banning use of pollution causing fuel.
Declaration of certain areas as pollution free zones.
SPCB can restrict the operation of certain industrial plants & can issue consent orders on certain prescribed plants(Necessary for abatement of pollution)
16.A person who has obtained consent ,has to install control equipment.
Section 39-46:Penal provisions,on violation of air act ,there is a 3 months imprisonment or a fine of 10000 or both.
Continuos violation there will be an additional fine of Rs 5000 every day.
The Air act has been amended in 1987,CPCB & SPCB have got the power to order closure,stop/regulate the supply of water,electricity to such industries.
Section 39-46:Penal provisions,on violation of air act ,there is a 3 months imprisonment or a fine of 10000 or both.
Continuos violation there will be an additional fine of Rs 5000 every day.
The Air act has been amended in 1987,CPCB & SPCB have got the power to order closure,stop/regulate the supply of water,electricity to such industries.
17.5.Wild life (Protection ) Act 1972:
It empowers the central & state government to declare any area as a national park or a wild life reserve.
There is a blanket ban on carrying out any industrial activity inside any of these protected areas.
6.Environment protection act ,(1986) :
Bhopal gas tragedy .Government of India enacted the EP act, 1986.
Its an umbrella environmental legislation.
It empowers the central & state government to declare any area as a national park or a wild life reserve.
There is a blanket ban on carrying out any industrial activity inside any of these protected areas.
6.Environment protection act ,(1986) :
Bhopal gas tragedy .Government of India enacted the EP act, 1986.
Its an umbrella environmental legislation.
18.Provides a framework to the central government to coordinate various central & state authorities established under Air act 1981 & Water act 1974.
Important sections of the EPA ,1986
Section 2 gives various definitions.
Section 2 (b) :Environment-Includes water ,air & land & their interrelationships with human beings,plants,animals, microorganisms & property.
Important sections of the EPA ,1986
Section 2 gives various definitions.
Section 2 (b) :Environment-Includes water ,air & land & their interrelationships with human beings,plants,animals, microorganisms & property.
19.Section 2 (c) :Environment pollution :Any solid ,liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration that they are injurious to the environment.
Section 2 (d): Hazardous substance: Any substance which due to its chemical/physiochemical properties/handling is liable to cause harm to human beings ,living creatures,plants,microorganisms & environment.
Section 2 (e): Occupier -a person who has control over factory/industrial premises.
Section 2 (d): Hazardous substance: Any substance which due to its chemical/physiochemical properties/handling is liable to cause harm to human beings ,living creatures,plants,microorganisms & environment.
Section 2 (e): Occupier -a person who has control over factory/industrial premises.
20.Section 3: Central Government is authorized
To Set new national standards for envn. Quality.(Min of envn & forests).
To set standards for controlling emissions & effluent discharges.
To regulate industrial locations.
To Set new national standards for envn. Quality.(Min of envn & forests).
To set standards for controlling emissions & effluent discharges.
To regulate industrial locations.
21.To prescribe procedures for managing hazardous wastes.
To establish safeguards for preventing accidents.
To collect & disseminate information regarding envn. pollution
Envn. Standards can be different for different areas & allowable levels of pollutants should be such that they protect public health & welfare.
States can also establish more stringent emission /discharge standards based on the quality of the recipient system than having uniform standards.
To establish safeguards for preventing accidents.
To collect & disseminate information regarding envn. pollution
Envn. Standards can be different for different areas & allowable levels of pollutants should be such that they protect public health & welfare.
States can also establish more stringent emission /discharge standards based on the quality of the recipient system than having uniform standards.
22.Section 5:
Central government can issue directions in writing too any officer,authority.
Section 6:Ministry of envn. & forest is responsible for making rules to implement EPA ,1986 & has adopted Industry specific standards for effluent discharge & emissions for 24 designated industries.
Thermal power plants are also in this list.
Central government can issue directions in writing too any officer,authority.
Section 6:Ministry of envn. & forest is responsible for making rules to implement EPA ,1986 & has adopted Industry specific standards for effluent discharge & emissions for 24 designated industries.
Thermal power plants are also in this list.
23.Section 7:
Emissions/discharge of pollutants in excess of above standards is prohibited.
Section 9:Furnishing of information in cases where discharge of a pollutant occurs in excess of prescribed standards.
Even where there is an apprehension of such a occurrence owner should intimate CPCB & SPCB as the case may be & should help the regulator counter it.
All the expenses in undertaking remedial measures are to be recovered from the polluter.
Emissions/discharge of pollutants in excess of above standards is prohibited.
Section 9:Furnishing of information in cases where discharge of a pollutant occurs in excess of prescribed standards.
Even where there is an apprehension of such a occurrence owner should intimate CPCB & SPCB as the case may be & should help the regulator counter it.
All the expenses in undertaking remedial measures are to be recovered from the polluter.
24.Section 10: Power of search & entry given to designated officers*
This is for determining the infringement of standards & procedures under EPA 1986.
Section 11:Power to take samples of air ,water ,soil & any other substance from /near the factory premises.
Section 12: Samples collected are sent to the notified lab for analysis.
* Chairman ,members or a designated officers of CPCB,SPCB.
This is for determining the infringement of standards & procedures under EPA 1986.
Section 11:Power to take samples of air ,water ,soil & any other substance from /near the factory premises.
Section 12: Samples collected are sent to the notified lab for analysis.
* Chairman ,members or a designated officers of CPCB,SPCB.
25.Section 15: Penal provision provides for a term extendable upto 5 yrs / fine of 1 lakh or both.
In case of repeated offences there can be additional fine of Rs 5000 for each day of violation.
Section 18: Protection of action taken in good faith.
Section 19 ( Citizen suit):Court can take cognizance of a complaint made by Central govt.,State govt. or an authority or even a citizen who has given atleast 60 days notice.
In case of repeated offences there can be additional fine of Rs 5000 for each day of violation.
Section 18: Protection of action taken in good faith.
Section 19 ( Citizen suit):Court can take cognizance of a complaint made by Central govt.,State govt. or an authority or even a citizen who has given atleast 60 days notice.
26.Several notifications have been issued under the EPA 1986,which relates to power sector.
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification or CRZ 1991 :
The central government has declared coastal stretches of seas ,bays,estuaries,creeks,rivers & backwaters & backwaters on both side of high & low tide line as coastal regulation zone.
Dumping of flyash or any wastes from thermal power plants in the CRZ is prohibited.
Thermal Power Plants require environment clearance from MOEF,for intake of cooling water& for discharge of wastewater in CRZ.
Coastal Regulation Zone Notification or CRZ 1991 :
The central government has declared coastal stretches of seas ,bays,estuaries,creeks,rivers & backwaters & backwaters on both side of high & low tide line as coastal regulation zone.
Dumping of flyash or any wastes from thermal power plants in the CRZ is prohibited.
Thermal Power Plants require environment clearance from MOEF,for intake of cooling water& for discharge of wastewater in CRZ.
27.Dhanu Taluka Notification(1991):
Dhanu taluka in district thane in Maharashtra has been declared as ecologically fragile & thermal power plants are not permitted to be set up there.
Doon Valley Notification:
This prohibits setting up of any thermal power plant or any industry in Doon area where daily consumption of coal is more than 24 Mt/day.
Revdanda Creek Notification(1989):
No industries & power plants can be setup near Revdanda Creek & one km on either side of it.
Dhanu taluka in district thane in Maharashtra has been declared as ecologically fragile & thermal power plants are not permitted to be set up there.
Doon Valley Notification:
This prohibits setting up of any thermal power plant or any industry in Doon area where daily consumption of coal is more than 24 Mt/day.
Revdanda Creek Notification(1989):
No industries & power plants can be setup near Revdanda Creek & one km on either side of it.
28.Taj Trapeium notification (1998):
Under this notification,geographical limits of the Taj Trapezium has been defined between 26 d 45’N & 77 d 15’& 27 d 45’N & 77 d 15’ around the Tajmahal.
No power plant can be set up in this limit.
A Taj Trapezium pollution( Prevention & control ) authority has been set up under this act.This will ensure that Taj is protected from all harmful effluents & pollutants.
Disposal of flyash notification (1999):
Salient features of this notification are :
Every coal/lignite based power plant shall make available ash for atleast 10 years,free of cost,for the manufacture of ash-based products.
Under this notification,geographical limits of the Taj Trapezium has been defined between 26 d 45’N & 77 d 15’& 27 d 45’N & 77 d 15’ around the Tajmahal.
No power plant can be set up in this limit.
A Taj Trapezium pollution( Prevention & control ) authority has been set up under this act.This will ensure that Taj is protected from all harmful effluents & pollutants.
Disposal of flyash notification (1999):
Salient features of this notification are :
Every coal/lignite based power plant shall make available ash for atleast 10 years,free of cost,for the manufacture of ash-based products.
29.No body with in a radius of 50 km from coal based TPP can manufacture clay bricks and tiles without using atleast 25% of flyash.
New power plants will get envn. clearance,only if it submits & implements successfully a plan for the full utilization of flyash.
Central & state government,SEBs,NTPC & the management of of the thermal power plants shall facilitate full utilization of fly ash.
PWD ,Housing boards shall increasingly use fly ash for the manufacturing & construction activities.
All local authorities shall specify in their respective building bye laws & regulations the use of fly ash & ash based products.
New power plants will get envn. clearance,only if it submits & implements successfully a plan for the full utilization of flyash.
Central & state government,SEBs,NTPC & the management of of the thermal power plants shall facilitate full utilization of fly ash.
PWD ,Housing boards shall increasingly use fly ash for the manufacturing & construction activities.
All local authorities shall specify in their respective building bye laws & regulations the use of fly ash & ash based products.
30.Ash content Notification(1997):
Following is a list of thermal power plants which shall use beneficated coal with an ash content ,not exceeding 34%:
TPP located beyond 1000 km from the Pithead.
TPP located in an urban area,sensitive area or critically polluted area,irrespective of its distance from the pit head.
The environment Impact Assessment Of development Projects Notification(1994):
Earlier obtaining an envn.clearance from MOEF was only an administrative requirement.But now it is mandatory & a statutory requirement to obtain envn. clearance for 29 activities in Schedule 1 of this notification
Following is a list of thermal power plants which shall use beneficated coal with an ash content ,not exceeding 34%:
TPP located beyond 1000 km from the Pithead.
TPP located in an urban area,sensitive area or critically polluted area,irrespective of its distance from the pit head.
The environment Impact Assessment Of development Projects Notification(1994):
Earlier obtaining an envn.clearance from MOEF was only an administrative requirement.But now it is mandatory & a statutory requirement to obtain envn. clearance for 29 activities in Schedule 1 of this notification
31.Thermal & hydro plants come in this schedule.
There is two stage clearance for site specific projects like pit head thermal power plants & river valley projects
Thermal power plants clearance:
Stage 1: It involves site clearance.No tight framework but siting is decided on the merits of the case..Some predefined norms are how ever there which are applied for all siting of all thermal power plants
The site /chimney should not fall with in the approach funnel of the run away of the nearest airport.
There is two stage clearance for site specific projects like pit head thermal power plants & river valley projects
Thermal power plants clearance:
Stage 1: It involves site clearance.No tight framework but siting is decided on the merits of the case..Some predefined norms are how ever there which are applied for all siting of all thermal power plants
The site /chimney should not fall with in the approach funnel of the run away of the nearest airport.
32.The site should be atleast 500 meters away from the flood plains of riverine systems.
The site should be atleast half a kilometer away from high ways & the main railway line.
EIA should focus on the environment impact of TPP on
-Metropolitan cities
-National parks & wild life sanctuaries
-Ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forests,biosphere reserves & coastal areas.
-Defense installations
-Archaeological sites of national importance
The site should be atleast half a kilometer away from high ways & the main railway line.
EIA should focus on the environment impact of TPP on
-Metropolitan cities
-National parks & wild life sanctuaries
-Ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forests,biosphere reserves & coastal areas.
-Defense installations
-Archaeological sites of national importance
33.Stage 2:Follows Site Clearance & submission of EIA report
Description of site, site map
Land requirements, No objection certificate from State Forest Department if forest land involved
Rehabilitation plan for displaced people
Consent to establish from SPCB (regarding effluents and emissions)
Report on impacts on the environment during construction
Collection of ambient air quality and meteorological data
Report on hydrology and water quality
Description of site, site map
Land requirements, No objection certificate from State Forest Department if forest land involved
Rehabilitation plan for displaced people
Consent to establish from SPCB (regarding effluents and emissions)
Report on impacts on the environment during construction
Collection of ambient air quality and meteorological data
Report on hydrology and water quality
34.Report on occupational safety and health
Details of transport and handling of raw material
Report of impact on sensitive terrestrial targets
Post commission requirements:
After the thermal power plant has been commissioned the following facts are relevant
Provision for disposal of solid wastes (fly ash)
Carry out the rehabilitation of the displaced population
Monitor emissions and effluents & obtain consent to operate under the Water Act, Air Act.
Comply with the standards laid down CPCB/SPCB,
Details of transport and handling of raw material
Report of impact on sensitive terrestrial targets
Post commission requirements:
After the thermal power plant has been commissioned the following facts are relevant
Provision for disposal of solid wastes (fly ash)
Carry out the rehabilitation of the displaced population
Monitor emissions and effluents & obtain consent to operate under the Water Act, Air Act.
Comply with the standards laid down CPCB/SPCB,
35. Apply for renewal of consent after expiry of specified period
Submit water cess return at regular intervals to SPCB
Submit an environmental statement to SPCB every year
Precautionary measures for occupational health and safety
Preparedness for emergency situations
Provide for green belt of 50-1000 m
Hydro power Plants:
While identifying a site for a hydroelectric power plant and making an EIA report,the following are considered:
Location aspects
Impact of the project on biodiversity
36.Impact on archeological/religious sites
Catchment area and treatment of degraded catchment
Pre-impoundment census of endangered biodiversity
Impact on land use pattern, mineral resources, groundwater level,
Impact on living conditions of affected people in the submergence area
Approval from the state forest department if forest areas involved
Physical aspects
Possibility of occurrence of landslides on periphery of reservoir
Siltation
Potential seismic impact
37.Expected water quality over time and impact of the same on biodiversity
Resource linkage Aspects
Loss of optional land use
Mineral deposit loss
Forest reserve/biodiversity loss
Monuments inundated
Socio-cultural aspects
Population displacement
Resettlement dynamics
38.Public Health Aspects
Issue of new health problems or vector patterns that may arise due to physical
Change factors caused by water impoundment
Cost Benefit Analysis
For compensatory afforestation
Restoration of land in construction areas
Control of aquatic weeds in submerged area .
Measures to salvage endangered species/monuments
Public health measures
Catchment area treatment/soil conservation measures
Rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people
39.After the project is given Envn.Clearance a set of recommendations are given by an appraisal committee.
Project authorities have to submit semi annual compliance reports to MOEF.Cases of non compliance are brought to the notice of ministry by its appraisal committee for appropriate action.
Miscellaneous Provisions:
Under the water act ,the EIA for setting up of a thermal power plant is to include the details of the source & total requirement of water required for the plant.,cooling tower & the colony.
Stringent standards have been prescribed for discharge of hot water into the downstream water bodies.
Very strict monitoring of temperature of the water bodies is done.
Submit water cess return at regular intervals to SPCB
Submit an environmental statement to SPCB every year
Precautionary measures for occupational health and safety
Preparedness for emergency situations
Provide for green belt of 50-1000 m
Hydro power Plants:
While identifying a site for a hydroelectric power plant and making an EIA report,the following are considered:
Location aspects
Impact of the project on biodiversity
36.Impact on archeological/religious sites
Catchment area and treatment of degraded catchment
Pre-impoundment census of endangered biodiversity
Impact on land use pattern, mineral resources, groundwater level,
Impact on living conditions of affected people in the submergence area
Approval from the state forest department if forest areas involved
Physical aspects
Possibility of occurrence of landslides on periphery of reservoir
Siltation
Potential seismic impact
37.Expected water quality over time and impact of the same on biodiversity
Resource linkage Aspects
Loss of optional land use
Mineral deposit loss
Forest reserve/biodiversity loss
Monuments inundated
Socio-cultural aspects
Population displacement
Resettlement dynamics
38.Public Health Aspects
Issue of new health problems or vector patterns that may arise due to physical
Change factors caused by water impoundment
Cost Benefit Analysis
For compensatory afforestation
Restoration of land in construction areas
Control of aquatic weeds in submerged area .
Measures to salvage endangered species/monuments
Public health measures
Catchment area treatment/soil conservation measures
Rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people
39.After the project is given Envn.Clearance a set of recommendations are given by an appraisal committee.
Project authorities have to submit semi annual compliance reports to MOEF.Cases of non compliance are brought to the notice of ministry by its appraisal committee for appropriate action.
Miscellaneous Provisions:
Under the water act ,the EIA for setting up of a thermal power plant is to include the details of the source & total requirement of water required for the plant.,cooling tower & the colony.
Stringent standards have been prescribed for discharge of hot water into the downstream water bodies.
Very strict monitoring of temperature of the water bodies is done.
40.Under Air act,we measure ambient air quality(Sox,Nox & SPM levels) before establishing the plant .
We measure ambient air quality after the project is operational.
CPCB & SPCB monitors it & can issue directions to the management to take steps for the reduction of pollution levels.
CPCB/SPCB prescribes standards for stack height of thermal power plants.
Under the forest act 1980,prior concurrence of MOEF has to be obtained for laying down transmission lines in a forest area
A blanket ban exists on setting up of power plants in forested areas ,wild life sanctuaries & national parks except under some very special circumstances ,in which central government has discretionary powers.
We measure ambient air quality after the project is operational.
CPCB & SPCB monitors it & can issue directions to the management to take steps for the reduction of pollution levels.
CPCB/SPCB prescribes standards for stack height of thermal power plants.
Under the forest act 1980,prior concurrence of MOEF has to be obtained for laying down transmission lines in a forest area
A blanket ban exists on setting up of power plants in forested areas ,wild life sanctuaries & national parks except under some very special circumstances ,in which central government has discretionary powers.
41.Decentralize small projects for meeting rural energy needs
incentives for use of non-conventional energy sources;
Incentives and measures (including proper pricing) to prevent abuse and to
promote the use of energy efficient devices in the production and distribution systems and for energy conservation in all sectors including households, agriculture, industry, power and transportation;
Concerted efforts for development and propagation of non -conventional ,renewable energy generation systems, and
Setting up of biogas plants based on cow dung, human excreta and vegetable wastes.
incentives for use of non-conventional energy sources;
Incentives and measures (including proper pricing) to prevent abuse and to
promote the use of energy efficient devices in the production and distribution systems and for energy conservation in all sectors including households, agriculture, industry, power and transportation;
Concerted efforts for development and propagation of non -conventional ,renewable energy generation systems, and
Setting up of biogas plants based on cow dung, human excreta and vegetable wastes.
42.Draft policy for sustainable energy generation (MOP,GOI 2002):
Environmental impact assessment prior to investment decisions and site
Selection & choice of practicable clean technologies for energy production, and waste utilization, treatment and disposal of solid wastes,effluents and emissions;
Location of energy generation projects based on environmental considerations including pollution, displacement of people and loss of biodiversity
Environmental impact assessment prior to investment decisions and site
Selection & choice of practicable clean technologies for energy production, and waste utilization, treatment and disposal of solid wastes,effluents and emissions;
Location of energy generation projects based on environmental considerations including pollution, displacement of people and loss of biodiversity
43.India Moves Ahead
The following Envn. Friendly Principle have been Recognized by Supreme court in its land mark judgements.
Polluter Pays Principle:
Polluter of Environment must Pay for
Cost of pollution abatement
Cost of Environment recovery
compensation costs to victims of damages if any
Precautionary Principle:
If consequences of an action are unknown & uncertain but if some reputed scientists & environmentalist think that the consequences can be negative,than it is desirable not to carry ou that action.
The following Envn. Friendly Principle have been Recognized by Supreme court in its land mark judgements.
Polluter Pays Principle:
Polluter of Environment must Pay for
Cost of pollution abatement
Cost of Environment recovery
compensation costs to victims of damages if any
Precautionary Principle:
If consequences of an action are unknown & uncertain but if some reputed scientists & environmentalist think that the consequences can be negative,than it is desirable not to carry ou that action.
44.Innovative Solutions
Imposition of Carbon tax
Imposition of Emission Tax
Ex. Emission Tax on Sox,Nox & SPMs
Such taxes exist in Sweden,Norway & Denmark
Imposition of Carbon tax
Imposition of Emission Tax
Ex. Emission Tax on Sox,Nox & SPMs
Such taxes exist in Sweden,Norway & Denmark
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