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Air Traffic Control Presentation Transcript
1.AIR INDIA LIMITED, MUMBAI
2.Air traffic control (ATC) system
Problems faced by ATC
Traffic collision avoidance system(TCAS)
How it works?
Protection Thresholds
Advisories
Types of TCAS
TCAS symbology
Cautions
Problems faced by ATC
Traffic collision avoidance system(TCAS)
How it works?
Protection Thresholds
Advisories
Types of TCAS
TCAS symbology
Cautions
3.Air Traffic Control
It is a service provided by ground based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace.
Primary Purpose:
to separate aircraft to prevent collisions.
to organize and expedite the flow of traffic.
to provide information and other supports for pilots when able.
ATC provide additional services such as providing information to pilots , weather and navigation information.
It is a service provided by ground based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace.
Primary Purpose:
to separate aircraft to prevent collisions.
to organize and expedite the flow of traffic.
to provide information and other supports for pilots when able.
ATC provide additional services such as providing information to pilots , weather and navigation information.
4.Screen which is placed in cockpit showing the direction of aircraft.
5.ATC (Air Traffic Control) Tower
Local Control (known to pilots as "Tower" or "Tower Control") is responsible for the active runway surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing, ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times. If Local Control detects any unsafe condition, a landing aircraft may be told to "go-around" and be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the approach or terminal area controller.
Local Control (known to pilots as "Tower" or "Tower Control") is responsible for the active runway surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing, ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times. If Local Control detects any unsafe condition, a landing aircraft may be told to "go-around" and be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the approach or terminal area controller.
6.Problems faced by ATC
Weather
Beyond runway capacity issues, weather is a major factor in traffic capacity. Rain, ice or snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between landing aircraft.
Fog also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn, increase airborne delay for holding aircraft.
In Area Control Centers, a major weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to aircraft. Aircraft will deviate around storms, reducing the capacity of the en-route system by requiring more space per aircraft, or causing congestion as many aircraft try to move through a single hole in a line of thunderstorms.
Weather
Beyond runway capacity issues, weather is a major factor in traffic capacity. Rain, ice or snow on the runway cause landing aircraft to take longer to slow and exit, thus reducing the safe arrival rate and requiring more space between landing aircraft.
Fog also requires a decrease in the landing rate. These, in turn, increase airborne delay for holding aircraft.
In Area Control Centers, a major weather problem is thunderstorms, which present a variety of hazards to aircraft. Aircraft will deviate around storms, reducing the capacity of the en-route system by requiring more space per aircraft, or causing congestion as many aircraft try to move through a single hole in a line of thunderstorms.
7.Traffic
The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system and weather.
Problems begin when airlines schedule more arrivals into an airport than can be physically handled, or when delays elsewhere cause groups of aircraft that would otherwise be separated in time to arrive simultaneously.
The day-to-day problems faced by the air traffic control system are primarily related to the volume of air traffic demand placed on the system and weather.
Problems begin when airlines schedule more arrivals into an airport than can be physically handled, or when delays elsewhere cause groups of aircraft that would otherwise be separated in time to arrive simultaneously.
8.TRAFFIC COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM (TCAS)
TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) is also known as ACAS (Airborne Collision Avoidance System).
It is a transponder based interrogation system capable of displaying conflicting traffic and providing resolution advice.
Provides an extra level of protection against mid-air collision.
TCAS is mandatory for all aircraft over 10 seats operating in US airspace.
Transport Canada requires large aircraft to be equipped with TCAS.
TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) is also known as ACAS (Airborne Collision Avoidance System).
It is a transponder based interrogation system capable of displaying conflicting traffic and providing resolution advice.
Provides an extra level of protection against mid-air collision.
TCAS is mandatory for all aircraft over 10 seats operating in US airspace.
Transport Canada requires large aircraft to be equipped with TCAS.
9.HOW IT WORKS??
TCAS consists of aircraft mounted antennas, computer processor, flight deck display and controls, and Mode S transponder.
Altimeter and radar altimeter inputs are used to determine relative altitude and inhibit RA’s close to the ground.
TCAS is capable of displaying targets for other transponder equipped aircraft.
The TCAS set transmits an interrogation signal which other aircraft transponders reply to.
TCAS consists of aircraft mounted antennas, computer processor, flight deck display and controls, and Mode S transponder.
Altimeter and radar altimeter inputs are used to determine relative altitude and inhibit RA’s close to the ground.
TCAS is capable of displaying targets for other transponder equipped aircraft.
The TCAS set transmits an interrogation signal which other aircraft transponders reply to.
10.Protection Threshold
11.ADVISORIES
Traffic Advisory (TA)- help the pilots in the visual search for the intruder aircraft, and alert them to be ready for a potential resolution advisory.
Resolution Advisory (RA)- avoidance maneuvers recommended to the pilot; when the intruder aircraft is Mode S equipped both systems will co-ordinate their RA’s through data link.
Traffic Advisory (TA)- help the pilots in the visual search for the intruder aircraft, and alert them to be ready for a potential resolution advisory.
Resolution Advisory (RA)- avoidance maneuvers recommended to the pilot; when the intruder aircraft is Mode S equipped both systems will co-ordinate their RA’s through data link.
12.TYPES
There are three main types of TCAS in different stages of use or development:
TCAS l- will provide a warning (TA traffic advisory) of proximate traffic without guidance to avoid potential collisions.
TCAS ll- will provide warning (TA traffic advisory) and vertical plane guidance (RA resolution advisories) to avoid potential collisions.
TCAS lll- the next generation of TCAS still under development will provide TA’s and RA’s which include vertical plane and horizontal plane guidance.
There are three main types of TCAS in different stages of use or development:
TCAS l- will provide a warning (TA traffic advisory) of proximate traffic without guidance to avoid potential collisions.
TCAS ll- will provide warning (TA traffic advisory) and vertical plane guidance (RA resolution advisories) to avoid potential collisions.
TCAS lll- the next generation of TCAS still under development will provide TA’s and RA’s which include vertical plane and horizontal plane guidance.
13.TYPICAL TCAS l DISPLAY
14.TYPICAL TCAS ll DISPLAY
15.TCAS SYMBOLOGY
Hollow blue or white diamond- non-intruding traffic.
Solid blue or white diamond- intruding traffic.
Solid amber circle- intruder which triggers a TA
Solid red square- threats which trigger a RA
Hollow blue or white diamond- non-intruding traffic.
Solid blue or white diamond- intruding traffic.
Solid amber circle- intruder which triggers a TA
Solid red square- threats which trigger a RA
16.CAUTIONS
TCAS is designed as a tool to improve situational awareness and as a last resort measure to avoid mid-air collision when other safety precautions fail.
An intimate understanding of each specific system is required in order to accurately interpret the displayed information.
The visual information displayed to the pilot is limited and can be misleading, caution is advised.
TCAS is designed as a tool to improve situational awareness and as a last resort measure to avoid mid-air collision when other safety precautions fail.
An intimate understanding of each specific system is required in order to accurately interpret the displayed information.
The visual information displayed to the pilot is limited and can be misleading, caution is advised.
17.The Air India is an organization working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that manages most of the flights and aircraft in India. The AAI manages and operates 126 airports and 329 airstrips including 16 international airports ,89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves. The corporate headquarters (CHQ) are at New Delhi.
Aeronautical communications, navigation, and surveillance systems are key to the delivery of safe and efficient air traffic management.
Aeronautical communications, navigation, and surveillance systems are key to the delivery of safe and efficient air traffic management.
18.REFERENCE
http://www.aai.aero/
http://www.airports-ecom.gov.in
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_India
http://www.aai.aero/
http://www.airports-ecom.gov.in
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_India
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