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1.Manage IS Development
2.Managing IS Development
3.Information system plan
A road map indicating the direction of systems development, the rationale, thecurrent situation,the management strategy,the implementation plan and the budget.
A road map indicating the direction of systems development, the rationale, thecurrent situation,the management strategy,the implementation plan and the budget.
4.Information systems plan
Purpose of the plan
Strategic business plan
Current systems
New system developments
Project management strategy
Implementation plan
Budget requirements
Purpose of the plan
Strategic business plan
Current systems
New system developments
Project management strategy
Implementation plan
Budget requirements
5.Establishing Organizational information requirements
Business system planning
Enterprise analysis: An analysis of organization wide information requirementsby looking at the entire organizatiounits,functions,
processes and data elements.
Strategic Analysis:
Critical Success Factors: A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by the industry,the firm, the manager, and the broader environment.
Business system planning
Enterprise analysis: An analysis of organization wide information requirementsby looking at the entire organizatiounits,functions,
processes and data elements.
Strategic Analysis:
Critical Success Factors: A small number of easily identifiable operational goals shaped by the industry,the firm, the manager, and the broader environment.
6.IT capabilities &their Organizational Impacts
7.System Development and Organizational change
8.System Development and organizational change
Automation: Using computer to speed up existing tasks
Rationalization of procedures: streamline procedures, eliminate bottlenecks
Business reengineering: Radical redesigning of business processes, combining steps to cut waste, eliminate repetitive tasks to improve cost,quality and maximize the benefits
Paradigm Shift:Radical reconceptualization of the nature of the business and organization
Automation: Using computer to speed up existing tasks
Rationalization of procedures: streamline procedures, eliminate bottlenecks
Business reengineering: Radical redesigning of business processes, combining steps to cut waste, eliminate repetitive tasks to improve cost,quality and maximize the benefits
Paradigm Shift:Radical reconceptualization of the nature of the business and organization
9.System Development
System Development: The activities that go into producing an information systems solution to an organizational problem or opportunity
System Analysis: The analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with an information system.
System Development: The activities that go into producing an information systems solution to an organizational problem or opportunity
System Analysis: The analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with an information system.
10.System Analysis
Feasibility analysis: Determining whether a solution is achievable given the organizational resources and constraints.
-Economic:costs vs. benefits ?
-Operational:Fits the organization?
Information Requirements:A detailed statements of the information needs and objectives that a new system must satisfy.
-identify stakeholders, objectives info requirements
-questionnaires,interviews, observation, reports….
Feasibility analysis: Determining whether a solution is achievable given the organizational resources and constraints.
-Economic:costs vs. benefits ?
-Operational:Fits the organization?
Information Requirements:A detailed statements of the information needs and objectives that a new system must satisfy.
-identify stakeholders, objectives info requirements
-questionnaires,interviews, observation, reports….
11.System Design
System design: details how a new system will meet requirements
Logical design: lays out the components of the information system and their relationship to each other as they would appear to users
Physical Design: The process of translating the abstract logical model into the specific technical design for the new system.
Specifies output,input,DB design, processing procedures,controls, security, documentation,conversion,training, organizational changes.
System design: details how a new system will meet requirements
Logical design: lays out the components of the information system and their relationship to each other as they would appear to users
Physical Design: The process of translating the abstract logical model into the specific technical design for the new system.
Specifies output,input,DB design, processing procedures,controls, security, documentation,conversion,training, organizational changes.
12.Programming and Testing
Programming: process of translating the system specifications prepared at the design stage into program code.
Testing: Determining whether the system procedures the desired results
-Unit testing:Each program separately
-System testing:The whole system
-Acceptance testing:Final certification that the system is ready
Test plan: Preparation of tests and the order in which they will be carried.
Programming: process of translating the system specifications prepared at the design stage into program code.
Testing: Determining whether the system procedures the desired results
-Unit testing:Each program separately
-System testing:The whole system
-Acceptance testing:Final certification that the system is ready
Test plan: Preparation of tests and the order in which they will be carried.
13.Conversion and production/maintenance
Conversion: process of changing from the old system to the new system
-parallel strategy: old and new system run together
-Direct cutover strategy: the new system replaces the old system completely
-Pilot study strategy: Limited area of the organization
-Phased approach strategy: Either by functions or by organizational units.
Conversion plan: Schedule of all activities to install a new system.
Production: stage after the new system is installed.
Maintenance: changes in hardware,software, documentation or procedures to refine the system
Conversion: process of changing from the old system to the new system
-parallel strategy: old and new system run together
-Direct cutover strategy: the new system replaces the old system completely
-Pilot study strategy: Limited area of the organization
-Phased approach strategy: Either by functions or by organizational units.
Conversion plan: Schedule of all activities to install a new system.
Production: stage after the new system is installed.
Maintenance: changes in hardware,software, documentation or procedures to refine the system
14.Value of information systems
Tangible benefits
Increased productivity
Low operational costs
Reduced workforce
Lower computer expenses
Lower vendor costs
Reduced facility costs
Tangible/intangible costs also
affect the valuation of IS
Tangible benefits
Increased productivity
Low operational costs
Reduced workforce
Lower computer expenses
Lower vendor costs
Reduced facility costs
Tangible/intangible costs also
affect the valuation of IS
15.Prelude to Business systems
16.Major business systems
Accounting system
Manufacturing system
Marketing system
HRM system
-These system have objectives
They are “open”
They have subsystems and they are parts of larger systems.
Accounting system
Manufacturing system
Marketing system
HRM system
-These system have objectives
They are “open”
They have subsystems and they are parts of larger systems.
17.One view of accounting system
18.Manufacturing system
19.System Building
Challenges:
-Controlling information systems development outside the IS department
-Enforcing a standard methodology
Five general methodologies:
-Traditional Systems Life Cycle(SDLC)
-Prototyping
-Outsourcing
-Developing Systems with Application Software Packages
-End user Development
Challenges:
-Controlling information systems development outside the IS department
-Enforcing a standard methodology
Five general methodologies:
-Traditional Systems Life Cycle(SDLC)
-Prototyping
-Outsourcing
-Developing Systems with Application Software Packages
-End user Development
20.The life cycle methodology for system development
21.Limitations of SDLC Methodology
22.The Prototyping Methodology
Prototyping: The process of building an experimental system quickly and inexpensively for users to evaluate and recommend changes.very iterative process.
Prototype: The preliminary working version of an information system for demonstration and evaluation purposes
End user interface: The part of information system through which the end user interacts with the information.
Prototyping: The process of building an experimental system quickly and inexpensively for users to evaluate and recommend changes.very iterative process.
Prototype: The preliminary working version of an information system for demonstration and evaluation purposes
End user interface: The part of information system through which the end user interacts with the information.
23.The Prototyping Methodology
24.The Prototyping Methodology
Advantages of Prototyping
Uncertainty about requirements or design solutions
Valuable for designing end user interface
Technical features can be tested
User involvement
Advantages of Prototyping
Uncertainty about requirements or design solutions
Valuable for designing end user interface
Technical features can be tested
User involvement
25.Application Software Packages Methodology
Application package: set of prewritten, recoded application software programs that are commercially available for sale or lease.
-Advantages: Fast, less costly, easy to install and test disadvantages.
-Disadvantages: Low level of sophistication.
Customization: modifications to most organizational needs may be costly, in general it is exponential
26.Selecting software packages
Request for proposal: A detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software to determine how well the vendor’s product can meet the organization’s specific requirements
Functionality
Flexibility
User friendliness
Hardware/software requirements
Database characteristics
Installation effort
Maintenance
Documentation
Vendor quality
cost
Application package: set of prewritten, recoded application software programs that are commercially available for sale or lease.
-Advantages: Fast, less costly, easy to install and test disadvantages.
-Disadvantages: Low level of sophistication.
Customization: modifications to most organizational needs may be costly, in general it is exponential
26.Selecting software packages
Request for proposal: A detailed list of questions submitted to vendors of software to determine how well the vendor’s product can meet the organization’s specific requirements
Functionality
Flexibility
User friendliness
Hardware/software requirements
Database characteristics
Installation effort
Maintenance
Documentation
Vendor quality
cost
27. End User Development Methodology
End user development: The development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists.
Information center: A special Facility to provide training and support for end user development
4GL tools: enhanced productivity, can not replace conventional tools, non procedural, may not be appropriate for detailed logic.
28.End user Development Methodology
End user development: The development of information systems by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists.
Information center: A special Facility to provide training and support for end user development
4GL tools: enhanced productivity, can not replace conventional tools, non procedural, may not be appropriate for detailed logic.
28.End user Development Methodology
29.The Outsourcing Approach
Outsourcing: Contracting computer center operations,telecommunications, network or application development to external vendors.
Solution center: Facility operated by a commercial information technology vendor which provides clients with repeatable or reusable processes, models,and and architectures for solving common information system problems.
Outsourcing: Contracting computer center operations,telecommunications, network or application development to external vendors.
Solution center: Facility operated by a commercial information technology vendor which provides clients with repeatable or reusable processes, models,and and architectures for solving common information system problems.
30.The Outsourcing Approach
Advantages of Outsourcing
-Economies of scale
-Service quality
-Predictability
-Flexibility
-Making fixed costs variable
-Freeing up human resources for other projects
Freeing up financial capitals
Advantages of Outsourcing
-Economies of scale
-Service quality
-Predictability
-Flexibility
-Making fixed costs variable
-Freeing up human resources for other projects
Freeing up financial capitals
31.When to use outsourcing
Limited competitive advantages from IS
Uninterrupted service is not important
Technical know-how for future innovation is not essential
Existing IS is inferior,limited or ineffective
Limited competitive advantages from IS
Uninterrupted service is not important
Technical know-how for future innovation is not essential
Existing IS is inferior,limited or ineffective
32.System Building Methodologies & Tools
Development Methodologies: A collection of methods,one or more for every activity within every phase of a development project .
Structured methodologies
Flowcharting
Object oriented software development
Computer aided software engineering(CASE)
Software reengineering
Decision tables and Decision trees
Pseudocode
Development Methodologies: A collection of methods,one or more for every activity within every phase of a development project .
Structured methodologies
Flowcharting
Object oriented software development
Computer aided software engineering(CASE)
Software reengineering
Decision tables and Decision trees
Pseudocode
33.Structures Methodologies & Tools
Structured methodologies have been used to document, analyze, and design information systems since the 1970s and remain an important methodological approach
Structured analysis: A method for defining system inputs, processes, and outputs and for partitioning systems into subsystems or modules that show a logical graphic model of information flow.
Structured Design: Software design discipline,encompassing a set of design rules and techniques for designing a system from the top down in a hierarchical fashion.
34.Data flow Diagram(DFD)
Data flow Diagram(DFD): A primary tool in structured analysis that graphically illustrates the system’s components processes and flow of data between them.
Elements of (DFD):
-External entity
-Process
-Data store
-Dataflow
Structured methodologies have been used to document, analyze, and design information systems since the 1970s and remain an important methodological approach
Structured analysis: A method for defining system inputs, processes, and outputs and for partitioning systems into subsystems or modules that show a logical graphic model of information flow.
Structured Design: Software design discipline,encompassing a set of design rules and techniques for designing a system from the top down in a hierarchical fashion.
34.Data flow Diagram(DFD)
Data flow Diagram(DFD): A primary tool in structured analysis that graphically illustrates the system’s components processes and flow of data between them.
Elements of (DFD):
-External entity
-Process
-Data store
-Dataflow
35.Data flow diagram for mail in university registration system - level 0
36.Data flow for mail in university registration system - level 1
37.System flow chart for a payroll system
38.Object Oriented Software Development
An approach to software development that de emphasizes procedures and shifts the focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects
-Reusable components
-Ease of maintainability
An approach to software development that de emphasizes procedures and shifts the focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects
-Reusable components
-Ease of maintainability
39.Other Development Methodologies
Rapid application development(RAD): Process for developing systems in a very short time period by using prototyping,fourth generations tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists.
Software reengineering: A methodology that address the problem of aging software by savaging and upgrading it so that users can avoid a long and expensive replacement project.
Reverse engineering: The process of converting existing programs, files and database descriptions into corresponding design level components that can then be used to create new applications.
Forward engineering: The final step in reengineering when the revised specifications are used to generate new,structured program code a structured and maintainable system.
Rapid application development(RAD): Process for developing systems in a very short time period by using prototyping,fourth generations tools, and close teamwork among users and systems specialists.
Software reengineering: A methodology that address the problem of aging software by savaging and upgrading it so that users can avoid a long and expensive replacement project.
Reverse engineering: The process of converting existing programs, files and database descriptions into corresponding design level components that can then be used to create new applications.
Forward engineering: The final step in reengineering when the revised specifications are used to generate new,structured program code a structured and maintainable system.
40.Decision Table for Monthly Money Market Account Statements
41.Decision Table for monthly market account statements
42.Pseudo code
43.Internet and the Organization’s Networks
Intranet: Private network protected from public visits. Used to link members of the organization.
Extranet: Parts of the intranet that is accessible to select outsiders.
protections are enforced by firewalls.
Intranet: Private network protected from public visits. Used to link members of the organization.
Extranet: Parts of the intranet that is accessible to select outsiders.
protections are enforced by firewalls.
44.Firewalls
45.Unique aspects of the internet
Communication medium
-High information content
-Self paced, pull vs. push
-interactive
Potential for personalization
Channel of distribution order placement, delivery and payment
Lower transaction costs
Communication medium
-High information content
-Self paced, pull vs. push
-interactive
Potential for personalization
Channel of distribution order placement, delivery and payment
Lower transaction costs
46.Internet Benefits to Organizations
Connectivity & global reach
Reduced communication costs- Internet telephony
Enhanced communication and coordination-
lower agency costs
Lower transaction costs
Accelerated distribution of knowledge
Interactivity,flexibility and customization
Facilitated marketing & sales
47.E-Commerce-Definitions
E-Commerce: describes the concept of conducting transactions between a buyer and a seller over an electronic network(Internet)
E-Business: describes all aspects of doing business on/with/through the internet. E- Business includes all aspects of E-commerce.
Connectivity & global reach
Reduced communication costs- Internet telephony
Enhanced communication and coordination-
lower agency costs
Lower transaction costs
Accelerated distribution of knowledge
Interactivity,flexibility and customization
Facilitated marketing & sales
47.E-Commerce-Definitions
E-Commerce: describes the concept of conducting transactions between a buyer and a seller over an electronic network(Internet)
E-Business: describes all aspects of doing business on/with/through the internet. E- Business includes all aspects of E-commerce.
48.Why is it important?
“All organizations are making major electronic commerce related investment decisions to stay in business and be competitive”
“Cyberspace has become one of the most exciting trends in business”
“All companies ,big and small, are thinking about putting up web sites to stay competitive”
“All organizations are making major electronic commerce related investment decisions to stay in business and be competitive”
“Cyberspace has become one of the most exciting trends in business”
“All companies ,big and small, are thinking about putting up web sites to stay competitive”
49.The Internet and Electronic Commerce
50.The internet and the WWW
Network of networks
No owner, no central organization
ISP: Internet Service Provider-Commercial organization with permanent connection to the internet. Sells temporary connections to subscribers.Ex:VSNL,…
WWW technology:HTML,browsers,scripting(pearl) and programming languages(java)
Network of networks
No owner, no central organization
ISP: Internet Service Provider-Commercial organization with permanent connection to the internet. Sells temporary connections to subscribers.Ex:VSNL,…
WWW technology:HTML,browsers,scripting(pearl) and programming languages(java)
51.Internet address and domain names
Every host (computer connected to the internet) has a unique IP address encoded over 32 bits:128.6.10.4
Domain names: English like name into which an IP address maps. It is a unique name for a computers connected to the internet
Abc_d@XYZ.NSIT.EDU
Every host (computer connected to the internet) has a unique IP address encoded over 32 bits:128.6.10.4
Domain names: English like name into which an IP address maps. It is a unique name for a computers connected to the internet
Abc_d@XYZ.NSIT.EDU
52.World Wide Web- Concepts
Home page: a www text and graphical screen
Webmaster:the person in charge of an or organization’s Web site
Uniform resource locator(URL): the address of a specific resource on the internet
Hyper text transfer protocol (http): the communication standard used to transfer pages on the web
Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML): page description language for web pages and other hypermedia documents.
Home page: a www text and graphical screen
Webmaster:the person in charge of an or organization’s Web site
Uniform resource locator(URL): the address of a specific resource on the internet
Hyper text transfer protocol (http): the communication standard used to transfer pages on the web
Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML): page description language for web pages and other hypermedia documents.
53.Browser: Tool to support graphics, hyperlinks, to navigate web
Search Engine: Tools for locating sites, information on the internet/WWW
Web Site:All WWW pages are maintained by an organization
Portal: a Web site or service providing an initial point of entry to the web
54.Broadcasting on the internet
Push technology: a method to broadcast data without user involvement
Pull technology: a method that client pulls the information
Multicasting: transmission of data to a selected group of recipients.
Search Engine: Tools for locating sites, information on the internet/WWW
Web Site:All WWW pages are maintained by an organization
Portal: a Web site or service providing an initial point of entry to the web
54.Broadcasting on the internet
Push technology: a method to broadcast data without user involvement
Pull technology: a method that client pulls the information
Multicasting: transmission of data to a selected group of recipients.
55.E-Commerce information flows
56.Why is it important ?
EC critical in three interrelated dimensions:
Customer to Business: Customer have more say in what product are offered, how they are made and how they are delivered. More power in the hands of the customer
Business to business: Networks of flexible companies that have partnerships with other firms to form complementary capabilities. Ex: banner exchanges, reciprocal links,…
Organizational functions of the firm: New business processes, job definitions, customer relationships.
EC critical in three interrelated dimensions:
Customer to Business: Customer have more say in what product are offered, how they are made and how they are delivered. More power in the hands of the customer
Business to business: Networks of flexible companies that have partnerships with other firms to form complementary capabilities. Ex: banner exchanges, reciprocal links,…
Organizational functions of the firm: New business processes, job definitions, customer relationships.
57.Why it is difficult?
Growth of EC/EB is so rapid and in so many different directions that even the experts are at a loss to find established business models for comparison
Totally new and poorly understood economics.
The formulation of an E-Business strategy is complex and rises business issues.
Growth of EC/EB is so rapid and in so many different directions that even the experts are at a loss to find established business models for comparison
Totally new and poorly understood economics.
The formulation of an E-Business strategy is complex and rises business issues.
58.Traditional vs. Electronic Commerce
Traditional
-Startup:needs capital/financing
-Markets:Geographical
-Knowledge: static core competencies
-Strategy:Reduce cost and increase volume
Traditional
-Startup:needs capital/financing
-Markets:Geographical
-Knowledge: static core competencies
-Strategy:Reduce cost and increase volume
59.Sources of strategic advantages in E-Business
Evaluating new business opportunities:
Porter’s 5 force model:
-Threat of new entrants
-Bargaining power of customers
-Bargaining power of suppliers
-Threat of product substitution
-Competitive strategies in the industry
Evaluating new business opportunities:
Porter’s 5 force model:
-Threat of new entrants
-Bargaining power of customers
-Bargaining power of suppliers
-Threat of product substitution
-Competitive strategies in the industry
60.Disintermediation
61.Evaluating E-commerce Opportunities
Does the offering provide benefits over existing alternatives?
Can this added value be captured?
Do the benefits generated cover the costs?
Can a sustainable advantage be developed?
Does the offering provide benefits over existing alternatives?
Can this added value be captured?
Do the benefits generated cover the costs?
Can a sustainable advantage be developed?
62.E-Commerce Business Models
Virtual storefront: Physical goods-Eshop
Marketplace Concentrator:Concentrates information about products and services-Email
Information brokers:provide product, pricing and availability information
Transaction Brokers: Buyers can view rates and terms and complete the transaction
Virtual storefront: Physical goods-Eshop
Marketplace Concentrator:Concentrates information about products and services-Email
Information brokers:provide product, pricing and availability information
Transaction Brokers: Buyers can view rates and terms and complete the transaction
63.E-Commerce Business Models (Continued)
Electronic Clearinghouses: provide auction like setting for products.
Reverse Auction: Consumers submit a bid to multiple sellers to buy goods or services
Digital Product Delivery:Sells and delivers software, multimedia and other digital products over the internet
Content Provider:Creates revenue by providing content
On –line Service Provider:Provides service and support for hardware and software users
Electronic Clearinghouses: provide auction like setting for products.
Reverse Auction: Consumers submit a bid to multiple sellers to buy goods or services
Digital Product Delivery:Sells and delivers software, multimedia and other digital products over the internet
Content Provider:Creates revenue by providing content
On –line Service Provider:Provides service and support for hardware and software users
64.Industries affected by EB/EC
Entertainment
Banking and investing
Publishing
Information/computer industry
Travel
Automotive
Entertainment
Banking and investing
Publishing
Information/computer industry
Travel
Automotive
65.Issues
Market infrastructure and Economics: Internet,global reach
Changes in business organizations:dual structures,intranets,consumer orientation
Digital products and pricing: copyright protection, value of information
The electronic market place:organization, marketing,payment systems
Policy issues:taxation,legal,privacy.
Market infrastructure and Economics: Internet,global reach
Changes in business organizations:dual structures,intranets,consumer orientation
Digital products and pricing: copyright protection, value of information
The electronic market place:organization, marketing,payment systems
Policy issues:taxation,legal,privacy.
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